It is crucial to have a proper cattle vaccination protocols. Most farmers know this, and yet the most common cause of vaccine failure in non-stressed cattle is human error. Here are some good vaccine protocols to follow:

• It is very important to read and follow the label instructions in order to ensure that the vaccines are administrated at the recommended dosages.

• If you are planning to administrate multiple vaccines, do not mix two different products in one syringe.

• Remember to clean and sanitise the vaccine equipment before each use. Pistol grip syringes should be cleaned using water heated to at least 80°C. After using water to wash, ensure that the syringes used are free from residual disinfectant that may inactivate vaccines. It is also highly encouraged to replace the needles after about 10 - 15 times of use.

• Good vaccine storage practices include avoid exposure to direct sunlight or freezing temperatures. Most vaccines should be kept at temperatures ranging from 5°C - 10°C.

• Only purchase the quantities that can be used completely at one time as it is not recommended to save vaccines.

• If you are using live vaccines, administer them within one hour of opening the bottle.

The two most basic strategies for vaccine schedule is:

1) Vaccinate the calves 2 - 4 weeks before weaning with a booster administrated at weaning.

2) Administer the first vaccine at weaning with a booster given 2 - 4 weeks after that.

Regardless of the vaccination schedule, the best time to administer vaccines is during period of minimal stress. This is because the immune system can respond successfully to the vaccines.

Cows can experience stress due to the weather, disease and parasite challenges and transportation. It is important to implement a good calf nutritional program so that the calves have sufficient nutrients for proper immune function.